Relationship between Parent and Child Essay

When I was younger, scraped knees were a daily thing and whenever that happened I would always run to the most important person in my life for help: my mom. To a child, a parent is someone that can care for and love them. Children start their attachments during infancy. Moreover does a person have to be biologically related to be a parent to a child, and does it affect the relationship to a child’s understanding. Of the many different relationships we form over the course of a life span, the relationship between parent and child is among the most important. A baby cries, a parent feeds her; a baby snuggles, a parent hugs her. When distressed, babies turn to the person who satisfies their needs. When babies or even children get hurt they rely on their parents for help. They would cry until safely in their mothers or fathers arms. see more:life in 2050 essay I know this because not only did I do that as a child but I have a little cousin, a niece, and nephew who would run to their parents every time they were hurt, even if it was a little scratch. However some children never experience love and compassion from their parents. Like lily; form the book The Secret Life of Bees, her mother left her at a young age. Her father on the other hand, became cruel and mean toward lily. Given this, lily started developing feelings of being ‘unlovable’. This leaves the child without a secure attachment and then doesn’t stand a good chance of developing happy, competent relationships with others. Therefore, it goes to show that a child looks to their parents for care and love. By the end of the first year, most infants who are cared for in families develop and attachment relationship with their primary caretaker. Some don’t believe this, they assume that children don’t understand anything, therefore they’re unable to create and attachment to a parent or the primary caregiver. But, research proves that a child will develop a strong bond with the one; in most cases the parent, that takes care and loves the child. The attachment between a parent and child doesn’t just stop there but grows more and more with behavior. The more the parent is a part of the child’s life the more the child attaches to them. For me I am more attached to my mom than my dad and it’s because my dad is more boy type but my mom and I are like twin sisters, we understand each other like no one else would. I spend most of my days with her and because of that our relationship is stronger. Children attach to their parents, and thus their  relationship becomes a stronger bond. Parental influence in the life of a child tells us how a child grows to understand life. I believe that a child without a mother loses certain aspects of life. And a child without a father loses a type of understanding and guidance in life. Without a parent the child’s ability to do right fail and they end up looking for that guidance in the wrong groups such as gangs or groups doing drugs. Children need their parents and look up to them for guidance. In addition research proves that a parent does not have to be related to the child, what defines a parent is â€Å"to be or act as parent of: to parent children with both love and discipline.† Lily’s mom died and she was left with an abusive father so she ran away. In the end of the story, she discovered that even though her mother was gone she still and 3 other mothers who loved her. The absence of parental influence can affect a child’s life negatively; however, a parent doesn’t have to be biologically related to be a caretaker. Of the many different relationships we form over the course of a life span, the relationship between parent and child is among the most important. Children need their parents for multiple reasons. Children need the love and care of their parents. The attachment a child has toward their parents only grows with closeness. Without that a child loses important understanding that only a parent could provide. I look up to my parents for guidance and I learn things from their wisdom. My parents are more important to me than anyone else. Who’s the most important person in your life?

Practice management and law

Section 1Clearly explain what peculiar demands must be in topographic point for a Contract to be between two parties?For a contract to be between two parties there must be grounds of three cardinal rules.An purpose between all involved parties to organize a lawfully adhering relationship.A consideration ( normally pecuniary ) for the understanding.The offer and credence of the declared understanding.The purpose of a lawfully adhering relationship from each party must be formal ; a moral duty entirely is deficient. As such, articles such ‘The Memorandum of Agreement ‘ lineation the demands of parties when meaning to come in a contract. For a contract to be the promise must be enforceable with a consideration. It is the party who provides this deal who enforces the contract. Once a consideration is provided, all parties are drawn into privity of contract. The consideration is decided by the parties involved and the degree of adequateness is irrelevant, it must be offered and accepted for the understanding to maturate into a contract. As such, an offer without an credence is simply a pre-contractual understanding, non adhering in jurisprudence. In any instance, for a contract to be all footings of the offer must be accepted and a consideration provided. However, there is no demand for a written papers for most types of contract. An unwritten contract is lawfully adhering supplying at that place has been credence of an offer. From a legal stand-point, trouble can be avoided if documental grounds is provided of an understanding. The ‘four corners ‘ regulation allows a contract to be recorded and later is easier to implement in jurisprudence.Explain what is meant by the term ‘Duty of Care ‘ and what are the deductions upon the designer?A responsibility of attention is a legal duty in civil wrong jurisprudence imposed on the Architect necessitating they exercise a criterion of sensible attention and diligence whilst transporting out professional work that could foreseeably harm others. Any failure in an Architect ‘s responsibility of attention can ensue in an action in carelessness where they become apt in civil wrong jurisprudence. Furthermore, a responsibility of attention is besides applicable in bureau outside of any contractual agreement. It is non required that a responsibility of attention be defined by jurisprudence, nevertheless, it frequently develops through the law of common jurisprudence. In this regard, a responsibility of attention can be interpreted as a formalization of the societal contract and inexplicit duties of the single towards others in society. It is an ARB demand that Architects adhere to the established criterions of the profession and ‘exercise due accomplishment, attention and diligence, ‘whilst transporting out professional work within agreed time-frames and without unneeded hold. For a responsibility of attention to be breached, the undermentioned must be true:Injury must be ‘reasonably foreseeable ‘ of the suspect ‘s behavior.A relationship of ‘proximity ‘ between the suspect and the claimant.It must be ‘fair, merely and reasonable'to impose liability.Explain the term ‘Joint and Several Liability ‘ and how does it impact upon peculiar signifiers of architectural Practice?Under Joint and Several Liability, a client may prosecute an duty against any individual party as if they were jointly apt. The duty so passes to the suspects who must set up their several per centums of liability and pecuniary payment. Therefore, if a claimant pursues a individual suspect and receives all the amendss, that suspect must so prosecute the other calumniatory parties to obtain parts proportionate to their portion of liability. Joint and Several liability is most relevant in civil wrong claims and most frequently invoked in instances of carelessness. Architects seek to set up a clear and decently defined understanding with specific mention to the apprehension and outlooks of the client. These understandings provide an assured footing on which the committee can be undertaken. Furthermore, the chosen signifier of assignment will find the bound of the Architect ‘s liability and answerability. Architects besides seek to restrict their hazard and liability through their chosen signifier of architectural pattern. For Example, Limited Liability Partnerships and Companies can non be jointly or several apt with its members liability determined by their stakehold in the partnership or shareholding in the company.Explain what is meant by the term ‘Lean Construction ‘ .Thin building is a method of planing production systems to minimise the clip, attempt and material waste of a undertaking to bring forth the maximal sum of value. The procedure itself is derived from the ‘lean production system ‘ within the fabrication industry. It is cardinal that the production system is designed through a coaction of undertaking participants ( Client, Architect, Engineer, Contractor, Building Owner ) at the earliest phases of the undertaking. It is based on the premiss ‘that desired terminals affect the agencies to accomplish these terminals, and that available agenc ies will impact realized terminals. † The rules of Thin Construction are as follows:Allow value to flux by consistently taking obstructions to value creative activity and dispensable procedures that create no value.Optimization of the system through coaction and systematic acquisition.Precedence on presenting the Client/End-user/Building Owner ‘s expected value.Making Pull Production.The chase of perfection/continual betterment, affecting everyone in the system.Thin building addendums traditional building direction by sing stuff and information flow, concentrating on the sweetening of the production system ‘s value coevals. Therefore, a undertaking utilizing the Thin Construction method should:Deliver maximal functionality.Profit end-users with the lowest optimal cost of ownership.Extinguish the inefficiency and waste in the usage of labor and stuffs.Involve specializer providers in design from the beginning to accomplish integrating and buildability.Establish public presentation and betterment accomplishment s by measuring.Use a individual point of contact for effectual co-ordination and clear duty.Explain and specify what is meant by a Letter of Intent. What are the fortunes under which it may be issued, what may be its aims and what are the chief affairs that it should incorporate?A Letter of Intent is a papers that outlines an understanding between two or more parties before the understanding is finalised. They resemble written contracts but are non lawfully adhering for the parties involved. However, letters of purpose can incorporate commissariats that are legal binding such as a compact to negociate in good religion, non-disclosure understandings and stand-still commissariats that promise sole dialogue rights. It can besides be interpreted as binding if it resembles a formal contract excessively closely. Therefore, the missive of purpose is enforceable by the tribunals both in footings of the wage and the act. However, the missive of purpose is non a contract ; alternatively it is a one-sided understanding in which one party confirms an purpose to come in a contract with another party. Most significantly, it must incorporate an direction to move and verification of a consideration as payment. Letterss of purpose are normally issued to:Clarify the nature of complex minutess for the convenience of the parties involved.Provide precautions in instance of collapsed dialogues.Officially declare involvement or purpose.Allow work to go on rapidly based on trust.Architects chiefly use letters of purpose for the intent of dialogue. For illustration, following the first phase of stamp, a missive of purpose possibly issued to inform a contractor of their blessing based on their proposal. The contractor can so lend to the design before the 2nd phase of tendering by supplying elaborate pricings and an overall edifice cost. Once the 2nd phase of tendering is complete, a formal contract can be established between the parties.What are the chief factors that determine the pick of a peculiar contract signifier?To find the most appropriate contract signifier, the Architect and client must first see the precedences of the undertaking in footings of clip, cost and quality. These three factors are linked through a trade-off paradigm:Time consequences in increased cost and reduced quality.Cost consequences in increased clip and reduced quality.Quality consequences in increased cost and increased clip.They are all related and inter-dependant.If clip is the precedence, so the procurance method must let sufficient clip to see all of the design issues decently at the pre-contract phase. The client is afforded predictability and extra clip can be saved by leting the contractor to resource their ain stuffs, effectual direction, real-time planning and overlapping elaborate design stages with existent building. If cost is the precedence, so a fiscal bound must be established that a contract amount can non transcend. Certainty of cost is dependent upon comprehensive design, drawings and specification that accurately assesses cost at the stamp phase. If quality is the precedence, the issue and grade of quality in the finished edifice must be clearly defined and established from the beginning through a specification. Besides, the step of quality must besides be defined. The pick of contract type is besides straight related to the chosen type of procurance. Each type of procurance type uses standard contract signifiers that are known and accepted by the industry. Most designers choose to utilize these standard signifiers as they are comprehensive, address common building state of affairss and take history of current legal determinations. Factors such as the complexness, size and overall value of the undertaking may besides inform the procurement path or contract type. In all state of affairss the Architect as the lead adviser has the responsibility to rede the client of the long-run deductions of their determinations.Section 2The Design and Build procedure of procurance has been endorsed by the Public Sector as the preferable procurance option, on the footing that it is claimed that it offers certainty of contract amount and brings certain cost benefits. Consider and discourse the virtues or otherwise of this attack in comparing with the Traditional method of procurance with peculiar mention to the function of the designer. ( 70 Markss ) . Design and Build is a procurement method for undertaking bringing whereby an single contractor is contractually responsible for both the design and building of a undertaking. In recent old ages, the public-sector has moved towards Design and Build as the chosen procurement way as opposed to the traditional, tripartite agreement where design and building are individually contracted. The public-sector ‘s involvement in Design and Build can be attributed to several possible benefits that are non ever gettable through alternate procurance methods. The undermentioned points outline the advantages. The Design and Build procurement path provides a individual beginning of duty as the contractor is singularly responsible for any defect in both the building and design of the undertaking. This is of peculiar benefit to the edifice proprietor or client, who does non hold to specify whether such defects are brought about by a lack in design or building. Alternatively, the contractor is jointly and severly apt for the complete plants. In a traditional contract, it is the client who must foremost find the nature and cause of a job, before make up one's minding whether it is the interior decorator or contractor who is at mistake. Design and Build is besides a popular path for the public-sector client as the contractor is obliged to bear any extra cost that consequences from unequal or faulty programs provided by the design squad. In a traditional contract, the client warrants the sufficiency of the programs and as such is apt for any increased cost because of unequal design. In the Design and Build contract, it is the contractor who is responsible for the undertaking ‘s design every bit good as the building. They are hired to run into the client ‘s specific public presentation specifications instead than simply build the edifice as in the traditional contract procurance. Hence, if the programs are inadequately drafted or designed, the contractor is unable to seek compensation from the client. It is widely recognised that Design and Build contracts enable a undertaking to be completed within a shorter time-period than the traditional tripartite agreement. The interface between the interior decorator and contractor, frequently adversarial in the traditional method, can go more unfastened and therefore foster a more co-operative agreement and exchange of thoughts that can do the undertaking a faster procedure. Time nest eggs are besides made by ‘fast-tracking ‘ building of known elements before the specifications and drawings of unknown elements are complete. The phased-nature of the design basically allows work to get down on site whilst the ulterior stages of the undertaking are still being designed. The same time-savings are unable to be made within a traditional contract as the contractor does non normally even subject a stamp, allow alone get down work on-site, before the design and drawings of the Architect are finalised. The duty for run intoing local cont rols such as planning, bylaws and statute law is placed with the contractor, which normally consequences in increased efficiency. The phased nature of the Design and Build method besides allows the contractor to hold increased control of the undertaking and can ensue in lower costs for the client. The specific control of elaborate design enables the contractor to utilize familiar building methods and stuffs which increase the efficiency of the build procedure. By reeling the building procedure, the contractor is able to order stuffs for approaching stages, in front of clip and at a lower cost. The nest eggs made on labor, stuffs and clip are all passed on to the benefit of the client. It is considered that the Design and Build method reduces the demand for independent professional representation. Public sector clients frequently prefer to restrict the figure of ‘points of contact ‘ to curtail the sum of clip, attempt and in-house staff it requires to set about a undertaking. Often it will utilize Design and Build in concurrence with denationalization, whereby it contracts an independent party to set about duties antecedently held by the Government, such as land acquisition, undertaking finance, design, building, operation and ownership. This method, in its most complete signifier is represented by the prison guard and bundle trade options, whereby the client is uninvolved for the bulk of the undertaking and presented with the completed edifice. However, it is desirable to hold an independent 3rd party ( normally an Architect ) for the intent of quality control. Without a 3rd party, the contractor, who is hired to finish the undertaking quickly and economically, besides has the undertaking of measuring the quality and measure of its ain work. Hence, the contractor has a possible struggle of involvement and is likely to cut down quality in order to fulfill the client ‘s other demands. With the presence of a third-party, the client/owner ‘s involvements are represented during the design and building. Clients choose Design and Build contracts as normally a fixed monetary value and contract amount can be negotiated. The client specifies the maximal monetary value it is willing to pay for the undertaking before it solicits a proposal from the Design and Build contractor for its specifications, constellation and stuffs. However, trouble can originate when there is an addition in the cost of work and building. The contractor can sometimes mistreat the state of affairs by reimbursing costs in other countries of the undertaking and without a 3rd party, the client finds it far more hard to observe and command such state of affairss than in a traditional contact signifier. Therefore, most Design and Build contracts are lump-sum and fixed monetary value, but payments are completed on a cost-plus footing to ease possible additions in cost. Besides, payments tend to be dependant on the accomplishment of undertaking mileposts. This allows the contractor ‘s advancement to be measured and assessed by the client, leting easier dialogue in footings of compensation where costs have significantly increased under a fixed-price contract. However, the Design and Build path is non without possible jobs. Many designers, clients, edifice proprietors and contractors have changing sentiments about the successes of this procurance type. The undermentioned points are amongst the possible disadvantages to utilizing Design and Build in the public-sector. If a public-sector client chooses the Design and Build procurement way it is hard to actively compare preliminary proposals from multiple contractors. The contractor is merely responsible for fulfilling the client ‘s public presentation specification ; therefore the designs may be wide-ranging in aesthetic and prioritise different issues depending on the contractor ‘s single stand-point. As in the prison guard attack, the client or eventual edifice proprietor has small input into the design and concluding visual aspect of the edifice and as such, may be unsatisfied with the consequence. Besides, as the contract is entered into by dialogue instead than competitory tendering, the client may non ever achieve the lowest cost for the edifice. Therefore, unlike the traditional path, if a client wants to pull multiple preliminary proposals, they must supply an single consideration for each contractor that submits a design bundle. This is a cost frequently overlooked in debating the value of Traditional vs. Design and Build procurance, as these fees are separated from the contract amount in the instance of Design and Build. Another job with tendering a Design and Build contract is the possible for the edifice to go a competition in under-design. Contractors will seek to run into the client ‘s lineation demands whilst giving quality, life-span, easiness of care, and value in a command to offer the minimal monetary value. In puting duty for both the design and building in the contractor ‘s custodies, the client forfeits control. Therefore the client has small input in measuring sub-standard work, claiming for fluctuations, debating extensions of clip or even utilizing a expiration clause due to inordinate hold. To battle against this, it is once more advisable to utilize a third-party design professional who can look into the value and pragmatism of the tendered command. However, the pecuniary and clip nest eggs built-in to Design and Build contracts so become nominal as the time-period and expertness needed by the third-party to look into the work of the contractor is both expensive and time-consuming. Such a 3rd party can be appointed independently by the client, or be appointed through adviser switch or novation if they are the original designer/design squad. Besides, contractors seek to reimburse the spending of unsuccessful stamps with their successful stamp ‘s ; hence, the client will ever pay a little premium for the work of their chosen contractor. Another disadvantage to the Design and Build agreement is the trouble of obtaining long-run contractual protection in footings of the suitableness of the work. Many contractors use contracts where such insurance is prohibitively expensive and resultantly, commercially unviable for the client. Therefore, it is the client ‘s duty to be cognizant of the extent of coverage of the contractor ‘s liability insurance. In the event of a defect in the design or building of the undertaking, the client may be unable to recover anything if the contractor ‘s insurance coverage or assets are deficient to pay compensation, irrespective of whether liability can be determined. Public sector clients frequently choose the Design and Build procurement path as the available fiscal resources of a contractor are usually greater than that of the professional person or architectural pattern, in the event of a post-completion failure. A possible job with liability can originate when the Design and Build contractor hires an Architect as a sub-consultant. Most contractors ‘ professional insurance insurance does non cover amendss caused by faulty design or specifications prepared by the Architect. Conversely, the Architect ‘s professional insurance insurance does non cover amendss caused by faulty labor, stuffs or operations during the contractor ‘s building procedure. Therefore, the contractor offers a guarantee for an agreed ( but normally limited ) time-period based on the impression of carelessness. However, the commercial and fiscal force per unit areas of the Design and Build contract compel the contractor to basically under-design the edifice every bit far as possible devising failures within the edifice an increased likeliness. As a consequence, there is frequently a demand for judicial proceeding to specify whether the economic system of the undertaking surpasses the expected degree of professional duty at the clip of design and building. Therefore in order to protect their edifice, the client should seek to obtain a guarantee that guarantees the completed edifice is suited for its intended intent, irrespective of defects incurred by the contractor. In the populace sector, Design and Build contracts are normally awarded on subjective standards such as value, experience and making. The public sector in peculiar has developed contractor rating and choice policies that try to extenuate against the hazard of such subjective judgements. In many instances this is achieved by presenting contracts based on a point-scoring system with the highest scorer being appointed. However, this discretionary points system implemented by public directors offers small objectiveness in finding the equal point allotment for single elements of the proposed strategy. For case, there is barely any manner to make up one's mind whether one contractor ‘s foundation system warrants 20 points or a different contractor ‘s warrants 22, it is wholly subjective. Besides the standards used for taging by and large do non associate to the specific edifice type, hence analyzing a contractor ‘s makings and experience nowadayss a step of competency but does non vouch a successful undertaking result. There is besides trouble in moderately comparing alternate design proposals in an attempt to find which represents the best value. For illustration, some contractors may offer higher quality plumbing whilst others offer better electrical systems. Therefore it is impossible to pull sensible decisions from dissimilar commands in footings of which proposal offers best value. Often, value can merely be determined after the edifice has been completed. In decision, public proprietors look for procurance systems that meet the demands of the public whilst extenuating against legal jobs and cut downing administrative load. The public-sector has favoured the Design and Build attack as the client can vouch a entire fixed undertaking cost early in the procedure and the edifice can be constructed in a shorter time-period with more efficiency than other procurement systems. The contract type besides allows an geographic expedition of new solutions through an unfastened duologue between designer and contractor, in which the populace benefit from the invention and lower costs. As a consequence, the public-sector ‘s engagement with Design and Build has increased over recent old ages. Basically, the public requires its building undertakings to be lasting, environmental, functional and most significantly, tantrum for intent. At the same clip, it expects the authorities funded undertakings to stand for good value and be economic in nature. Therefore, the populace itself has small engagement or involvement in which procurance system is utilized, nevertheless, they expect each undertaking to carry through its declared demands within its allocated budget. It is the position of the public-sector, that Design and Build is the system best equipped to run into the populace ‘s outlooks and supply the most crystalline value for undertakings that are finally funded by the tax-payer.BibliographyLupton S. ‘Architects ‘ Job Book. ‘ ( RIBA Enterprises 7th erectile dysfunction. )Chappell D & A ; Wills A. ‘The Architect in Practice. ‘ ( Blackwell Publishing 10th erectile dysfunction. )ARB. ‘Architects Code: Standards of Conduct and Practice . ‘ ( November 2002 )hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_and_Buildhypertext transfer protocol: //www.lao.ca.gov/2005/design_build/design_build_020305.htm

The Historic Rise of Christian Fundamentalism in the United States in the Late Nineteenth Century.

Fundamentalism is a religious response to modernity. Although the term is frequently used in a popular context to mean any religious position perceived to be traditional, archaic or scripture-bound, it has a specific meaning from an historical perspective, and a genealogy which has seen the term change from the self-referential description of a particular religious group, to a term which may have lost its impact through misplaced, and indiscriminate, application.Originally used by a specific group of American Protestants, who shared a similar world-view and theology, Fundamentalism grew from individuals within disparate denominations finding common cause to an organized movement with the power to challenge modernity at the level of the courtroom and the popular press. This essay will consider just how we can account for Fundamentalism’s emergence in the US by first considering its historical roots within the Great Awakening, and up to the 1920’s with the Scopes â€Å"M onkey† trial.Secondly it will consider the theological innovations that underpinned Fundamentalism by exploring both Dispensationalism and Premillenarianism, before finally placing Fundamentalism within its sociological background by looking at broader cultural movements in American society, and considering how changes in both the scientific and intellectual spheres challenged the traditional place of evangelical Protestantism. Christian fundamentalism has been succinctly defined by George Marsden as â€Å"militantly anti-modernist Protestant evangelicalism. In the latter part of the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th they developed specific beliefs and operating principles that set them apart from what was, in their view, dangerously liberal evangelical Protestantism. In a post-Darwinian world the Protestant worldview, particularly in the US, came under a number of specific threats from advances in science and contemporary intellectual developments. Unlike t he liberals, who sought compromise with these developments, it was the Fundamentalists â€Å"chief duty to combat uncompromisingly ‘modernist’ theology and certain secularizing cultural trends. † This militant tendency would eventually lead them to challenge modernity in the courtroom, and through utilizing the political system to achieve their ends. Although Fundamentalists were anti-modernity, they were not anti-modern in their readiness to embrace new forms of communication media. Newspapers, publishing, cinema and radio were all exploited as effective methods to publicize their agenda. The very term â€Å"Fundamentalism† was coined in 1920, in the Watchman-Examiner newspaper, by Curtis Lee Laws, who defined fundamentalists as those ready to â€Å"do battle royal for the Fundamentals. Traditional evangelicalism, from which Fundamentalism would grow, had taken shape during the Great Awakening of the 18th century. A series of Christian revivals had broug ht together a number of disparate movements, and blended Calvinist and Methodist theologies along with experiential conversion into a powerful and popular Christian movement. It also preached on the evils of alcohol and other forms of vice, in addition to the need to evangelize to the poor for their moral renewal through a social Gospel that emphasized personal piety and good works. Nineteenth century America started out as an overwhelmingly Protestant country.The specific lineage of the majority group was traced back to northern European ancestry, from the settlers who had travelled across the Atlantic in search of land in which they might practice a truly reformed Christianity. Different colonies along the eastern seaboard had been under the theocratic rule of the different Protestant sects, yet all had a common purpose in implementing God’s will as laid out in the Bible. This would all change with the arrival in the 1820s off the first large scale immigration of Catholics, along with Jews and other religious minorities.Together with homegrown religious movements like the Mormons, these new groups altogether changed the religious landscape of the US, and helped to reconcile the different protestant groups to one another. Evangelicalism emerged as a â€Å"voluntary association of believers founded on the authority of the Bible alone. † The evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin had a profoundly worring effect on the victorian Protestant mindset. They, along with advances in philology, geology and the historical critical method of Biblical scholarship began to undermine the foundations of religious certitude.The Bible had been seen as the very word of God and was therefore the only guide a Christian would need to guide her through the ethical and moral trials of life, safe in the knowledge that God’s will was being followed. The Bible had always been revered as â€Å"the revealed word of God, correct in every detail and in need of no add ition† to the text, and yet it was now under sustained questioning within academia. Towards the end of the 19th century an interdenominational revivalist network, which sought to counter these trends, began to take shape around the era’s greatest evangelist, Dwight L.Moody. A one-time shoe salesman, Moody had a conversion experience to evangelicalism. After a massively popular tour of Ireland and the UK in the mid 19th century he returned to the US as a preacher with the power to attract very large audiences. Moody was of the generation immediately preceding that of the Fundamentalists, but he had nonetheless provided them with a sufficiently well developed network (which included his famous Bible Institute), and a strong charismatic personality about which the emerging movement could coalesce.Moody, who could not countenance â€Å"Liberals in what they were teaching or doing to the Christian Faith†, found common ground with Fundamentalist thinkers and opinion sh apers. Starting in 1910 a series of small booklets appeared called â€Å"The Fundamentals†. Each booklet contained a series of essays by a leading evangelical thinker, plus a number of personal stories that attested to a radicalized evangelicalism.Although Fundamentalism, as we now know it, did not emerge as an absolute ideology from this publication alone, it was emerging as a broad movement within evangelical Protestantism as more of its membership took an increasingly hard line on modernity. As they saw themselves â€Å"losing control of their churches, their families, their working environments, their schools and their nation† certain members withdrew into a specific eschatological belief system and a principle of separatism from liberal protestant thinkers.Organized around a system of Bible â€Å"conventions† that were held in the birthplace of Fundamentalism, New England, leading evangelistic preachers and scholars contemplated their â€Å"opposition to m odernist theology and to some of the relativistic cultural changes that modernism embraced. † Relativism, especially where the revealed word of God was concerned, was a hated innovation. Fundamentalists refused to acknowledge the relative merit of each religion, or each Christian denomination; either their beliefs were right and were worth defending, or they were wrong.They would defend an absolute truth, but not a relative one. The second decade of the 20th century saw the Fundamentalists win two important battles, but gain public opprobrium as a direct result. The first, the Scopes â€Å"Monkey† trial of 1925, was a victory that saw the courts uphold the teaching of the Genesis account of human origins over the empirical Darwinian view. The case became a cause celebre throughout the US, and opened up the Fundamentalist position to widespread ridicule through a largely hostile press. The second front in which they had a pyric victory was over prohibition.The ban on alc ohol consumption was in place from 1919-1933, during which time illegal alcohol distillation and sales fueled the rise of mafia organizations, and encouraged political and police corruption. Public morality did not increase as a result of banning alcohol, and the public resented the intrusion of religious ideology into public life. Afterwards Fundamentalists largely withdrew from public life to nurse their wounds and regroup, rather than retreat. Fundamentalism arose as a â€Å"historically new religious movement with distinctive beliefs† from its base in evangelical Protestantism.These beliefs, which they would go to great lengths to promote and defend, centered on their own conception of themselves as a special people in God’s eyes with a Biblically mandated mission to prepare the way for the return of Christ. The two most characteristic beliefs, which defined the Protestant Christian Fundamentalist, were dispensationalism and premillenarianism. Fundamentalists drew their theology from a literal reading of Christian scripture, with a special emphasis being placed on the eschatological books of Revelation and Daniel, from which they were able to discern God’s plan for mankind’s future.A literal interpretation of Holy Scripture demands the believer is able to trust the text as a revealed source of God’s will. Fundamentalists believed the Bible to be the actual word of God, as revealed to the authors of the various books it contains. The message it contains must be divinely ordered; free from the errors human agency is so prone to. Inerrancy in the Bible, specifically the King James version, was the central pillar Fundamentalist theologians developed their understanding of God’s will upon.They believed the Bible free from all mistakes, errors and faults; that it was in an unchanged condition since the earliest days of Christianity’s founding fathers. It could therefore be absolutely relied upon by the individual for her understanding of the words and deeds of Christ, his followers and his message of salvation. It was the â€Å"infallible word of God and hence anything which challenged it†¦was not just wrong but sinful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  especially for the evangelical who took a liberal position, and risked personal damnation by doing so.Another central tenant, that of â€Å"dispensationalism†, became a hallmark belief for Fundamentalists. It is a scheme for â€Å"interpreting all of history on the basis of the Bible, following the principle of ‘literal where possible. ’† They believed that history was divided up into seven distinct eras, or dispensations. Each of these eras was marked by a catastrophe for mankind, so the first dispensation was recorded in Genesis as the period of Eden, which culminated in the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the earthly paradise with the stain of original sin.Others dispensations ended with Noah and the flood, or the Tower of Babel and mutually incomprehensible languages etc. The present age was known as the â€Å"age of the Church† and would culminate in the apocalypse as foretold by the revelation of John in the New Testament. This would be followed by the return of Christ to earth and the final of the seven dispensations; that of the reign of God on earth. The revelation of John, as interpreted by the Fundamentalists, speaks of a period of time numbering one thousand years in which Christ will reign before judgment on humanity.Theological debate within evangelical Christianity takes two approaches to just when the millennium will take place – one side, the moderate evangelicals, believes there will be a millennium followed by judgement and the other side, that of the Fundamentalists, believes that Christ will return first, judge human kind and institute the period of heaven on earth. This belief, of Christ’s return followed by the millennium, is known as premillenarianism and became fo r Christians with fundamentalist leanings the focal point for both their heological positioning, and for informing both their political and social policies. Moderate evangelical millenarians believed that helping those worse off in this world, the poor and the destitute, would bring about Christ’s return through instigating a period of prosperity first, hence they involved themselves in the social Gospel through good works and charity. Premillenarians, on the other hand, waited on the return of Christ first and therefore did not believe that charitable work would save souls from the coming judgment.Theological development within fundamentalism was therefore a response to greater sociological conditions prevalent in the US in the early decades of the 20th century. Post-war America was a radically different country than it had been just two generations before. Sociological conditions had altered in ways that elicited a response from some Protestants that were analogous to the e xperience of ethno-cultural groups newly arrived in the US; Protestants had, in Marsden’s analogy, â€Å"experienced the transition from the old world of the nineteenth century to the new world of the twentieth wholly involuntarily. Fundamentalists had experienced a traumatic cultural shock as the result of changes to American society that had been rapid, far-ranging and decisive. Structural changes within the family, the work place and the political order had dislodged the Protestant world-view in the US from a position of being, in their view, normative to a relative position in the panoply of religious identities in the modern American experience. Traditional Protestantism was â€Å"no longer a matter of necessity; it was a choice and a leisure activity. This fragmentation of Protestant identity was a mirror of broader changes that had taken place within society. Social institutions had undergone a shift, within modernity, that fed into the Fundamentalist idea of change as anathema to stability and as undermining a true understanding of Christianity, and its role as the only sure path to personal salvation. The family unit had been, within living memory for many of Fundamentalism’s early adherents, a stable basis upon which to build the religious life.As an agrarian unit, the family had encouraged hierarchy with the father on top of a structure that spent most of its time together. This was necessary for the time consuming, and expensive, business of agricultural production. Family life, which included work, education, prayer and social instruction, had once guaranteed the propagation of the next generation of family, worker and religious adherent. Modernity brought new social roles, and new forms of social mobilization, through factory production and office work.Men, and to a lesser degree women, now traveled to a place of employment outside of the family home. The area of the US that had seen the greatest amount of industrialization, the N ortheast, was also the area that gave birth to Fundamentalism. As new opportunities to better oneself socially and financially arose so did new forms of egalitarianism. The needs of a developing industrial society called for the individualization of people through empowering them to make personal decisions about where they would live, marry and pray.Within the cities many people began to explore new forms of spiritual expression, with substantial numbers of people returning to traditional branches of a Protestantism which was now exploring new theologies, such as premillenarianism, in response to anomic uncertainty. Fundamentalism attracted growing numbers of people in urban, rather than rural, settings through marginalization and alienation. â€Å"The growth of fundamentalist churches†¦was largely through conversion† of individuals within the city seeking the assurances offered by the theological assertions of the most radical Protestant sects.The position of the Bible as the inerrant word of God had come under considerable pressure from science through the application of historical critical methodologies, as well as other from other disciplines that were investigating the Bible from new intellectual perspectives, and so had conceded it’s role of containing an ultimate truth. While nominally this would affect all Christianity’s, including Roman Catholicism, the Protestant principle of Sola Scriptura, the individual ability to interpret the word of God without an intermediary, left them particularly venerable to the accelerated pace of scientific progress.While many liberal Protestant theologians were willing to concede to â€Å"lower criticism†, or the critique of the human authorship of the Bible, Fundamentalists could not equivocate when a literal interpretation informed their very world-view, and their relationship to society and culture. It was not any particular movement in science, be it â€Å"hard† empiricism of Darwin or the â€Å"soft† theorizing of the Humanities, that ultimately upset the Fundamentalists as much as the aggregate of suspicion that now hung over the entire Christian project.Religion was â€Å"challenged less by specific scientific discoveries than by the underlying logic of science (indeed, rationality)† which had come full circle with the technological ability that had allowed America to enter into a world war as a super power. The social power to drive the new century was drawn from scientific rationalism, and not, as it had been in the past, from reliance upon the sacred. Fundamentalism was at war with modernity, and wished to reassert the old certainties in an age that had embraced their decline in favor of immediate temporal ability.Protestant Fundamentalism arose as a response to modernity during the late 19th and early 20th century. Faced with a number of challenges on different fronts it developed a theological foundation that marked it off as a dist inct religious phenomenon. Born of the schisms inherent in Protestantism since the reformation, it attracted adherents through a militant defense of traditional religious values that were increasingly undermined as progress in science questioned the Biblical narrative.Dispensationalism, and premillenarianism, in addition to a principle off separatism from liberal Protestant evangelicals, combined to give this new group a powerful voice in American religious life. At their height the fundamentalists were able to successfully challenge the American establishment through a highly publicized court trial that pitted modernity’s champions against religion’s staunchest defenders. At the same time their political influence was such that their dream of public moral regeneration through the wholesale ban on alcohol consumption demonstrated their ability to mount effective campaigns, and win.These victories turned out to be Fundamentalism’s undoing, at least where the gene ral public was concerned, as the publicity generated by the Fundamentalists engendered public ridicule and resentment towards this new group. American society had changed radically from the victorian religious society, based on the principles that had once been clearly understood through a thorough individual grounding in the Bible, to a society that was increasingly materialistic, secular and diverse. As the Fundamentalists withdrew to regroup, and quietly build their power base through their own separate nstitutions, they would later reemerge to continue their challenge to modernity within American society. Bibliography Bruce, S. , Fundamentalism (2nd Ed. ), UK: Polity Press, 2008 Bruce, S. , â€Å"The Moral Majority: the Politics of Fundamentalism in Secular Society† in Studies in Religious Fundamentalism (ed. Lionel Caplan), London: Macmillan Press, 1987 Carpenter, J. A. , Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 Hudson, W. S. , Religion in America (3rd Ed. )), New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1981 Lawrence, B. B. Defenders Of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age, USA: University of South Carolina Press, 1989 Marsden G. M. , Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. Lindsay Jones), Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005 Marsden G. M. , Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism 1870-1925, New York: Oxford University Press, 1980 Marty, M. E. , and Appleby, R. S. , Fundamentalisms Observed (The Fundamentalism Project, Vol. 1), Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Carpenter, J.A. , 1997, Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 5 [ 2 ]. Marsden G. M. , 2005, Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. Lindsay Jones), Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, p. 2887 [ 3 ]. Marsden G. M. , 1980, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism 1870-1925, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 159 [ 4 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2887 [ 5 ]. Bruce, S. , 2008, Fundamentalism (2nd Ed. ), UK: Polity Press, p. 12 [ 6 ]. Carpenter, Revive Us Again, p. 6 [ 7 ]. Lawrence, B. B. 1989, Defenders Of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age, USA: University of South Carolina Press, p. 162 [ 8 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 70 [ 9 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2889 [ 10 ]. ibid, p. 2890 [ 11 ]. Carpenter, Revive Us Again, p. 5 [ 12 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 69 [ 13 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2889 [ 14 ]. Lawrence, Defenders of God, p. 166 [ 15 ]. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 204 [ 16 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 20 [ 17 ]. ibid, p. 17 [ 18 ]. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 202 [ 19 ]. Bruce, Fun damentalism, p. 24

Reflective your strength and weakness in administration Essay

Reflective your strength and weakness in administration - Essay Example Third, strategic direction is crucial and having a vision and mission is what operationally makes a leader succeed or fail. Strategy weighs heavy on the â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† and less so on the â€Å"where† hence it is important to have a mission and a vision that is in line with each other. Corollary to this, after planning and goal setting, administrators get things done as plans and goals are not much use if they do not materialize. Fourth and personally the most important for me, leaders naturally need to influence others and have friends that they have purposely nurtured. Admittedly, every leader requires great people around them who when challenged, take up the call, and make the most out of it. One of my administrative strengths includes micromanaging, not just people, but goals as well with a particular refinement for detail. I remember doing thus when a professor had to inspect a certain project of ours within a few weeks time. As a large project of ours with minimal team members working on it, it had a number of problem areas that were likely to receive poor grades, in particular design and its relation to the overall goal of the project. With a very short timeframe available, I would be unable to make substantial changes I have in view for the longer term. For example, developing a more strategic and novel way of communicating with other members during the planning process and taking the pressure off the acting committee head of design, currently struggling, by recruiting someone with more experience into the post will have to be postponed. I knew then that I had to focus on ensuring that my project showed itself from the best perspective in front of our professors. I had work hard with my other group members, having some sleepless nights, to ensure everything was in place- logistics have been taken care of, audiences have been ushered in well, while all

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Economics - Assignment Example Through this, it would have saved some money that would be used for purchasing land and equipments, acquiring licenses and constructing the new premises. If a new branch is formed from scratch, the business would have forgone the costs that would be associated with the formation of a merger. If the business decided to collaborate with an already existing one, it will not need to incur costs such as construction, buying of new equipments and recruiting of new staff. All these would be forgone if a new branch is opened in another location. On the other hand, the business can opt for employing part-time employees instead of recruiting full time workers. As the best alternative, having part-time workers will be cheaper than full time employees. First, since they will be on a part-time basis, they will need to be paid less wages and salaries. At the same time, they will not be entitled to lots of benefits such as pension and insurance schemes. All these will be forgone if the business decides to recruit additional full-time workers to enable it deal with the increased demand of its products. As a matter of fact, the costs of engaging additional full-time workers would be higher because, unlike their part-time counterparts, they would have to be paid higher salaries, attractive allowances and entitled to lots of benefits such as pension schemes and medical covers. However, all these would change if the increased demand was a temporary occurrence. In this situation, the management would need to come up with short term measures. Of all the alternatives, I would like to suggest that the business should set up retail outlets and chain stores in different parts of the country. It can be the best alternatives to adopt in case short-term measures are required. It qualifies as the best alternative since it would enable the business to minimize its expenses. It is not recommended to establish a new branch if the increase in demand is only expected to last for a short period of

Cambodian Genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Environmental Conservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Yum brand expatriate management in Beijing, China Essay

Yum brand expatriate management in Beijing, China - Essay Example mpanies has indicated a significant increase among multi-national businesses ranging from manufacturing companies to food and hotel industries (rphrm.curtin.edu.au). The use of expatriates as a means of ensuring that businesses succeed in international markets has been associated with various benefits. Yum brand is an American Fast Food Company, with over 40,000 restaurants distributed in various parts of the World. Yum brand has implemented various operational strategies geared towards facilitating its success in the current highly competitive fast food industry. One of the operational strategies that has been applied by the company to facilitate its success in foreign markets i.e. China is the application of expatriates, who are sent to manage its branches in foreign markets. This discussion will focus on ways that may be used by the company to increase expatriate effectiveness i.e. how the company may select, prepare and train its employees for an expatriate assignment. Additionally, the discussion will focus on describing how the company may ensure appropriate repatriation of its employees i.e. safe return of the expatriates to the company in the United States. The discussion will also highlight and explicate characteristics of the Host Country, which is China, placing a particular emphasis on why Yum Brands sent its expatriates to the Chinese Market. The effective performance of an expatriate in any foreign country begins by the selection process. In the case of Yum Brand, the selection of a employees to undertake expatriate missions in China should be based on selection characteristics that consider; technical competencies of employees, family situation i.e. considering whether one is married or not, personality traits i.e. inter-personal skills or an employee’s interest in performing expatriate missions and environmental variables i.e. cultural dimensions of the host nation as well as the needs of a qualified expatriate (rphrm.curtin.edu.au). After

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Anthropology - Essay Example The present study has chosen the Darug Indigenous Australians for learning on what they say about their culture, tradition, their history, as well as their social situation. The Darug society is known to be the traditional owners of Western Sydney. The culture of the society is prosperous in religious implication. The individuals of the group are associated through relationships based on connections and a secure relationship with the location in which he or she was born. These relationships were associated with their responsibilities towards their lands, communities, plants and animal lives. The elders of the group had the charge of teaching these responsibilities to the newer individuals. The customs, ceremonies and conduct of the Darug were regulated by the aboriginal laws. The tradition and culture of the society reflected that only the needful for survival was to be taken from the nature. Women were in charge of collecting the fundamental foods, while men did the hunting and wild jobs (The Darug - Traditional Owners of Western Sydney). When the Europeans started settling in the West of Sydney, the Darug were not acknowledged to have any former rights. These people struggled both to protect their lands, the nature as well as their traditions and culture. The Aboriginal people suffered severely with their lands and children being taken away from them thereby not providing them with their rights. Today these people are known to regroup again realizing their kinship connections and relationships (The Darug - Traditional Owners of Western Sydney). The Darug were the largest group of Aboriginal people in the Sydney who resided from the coast across the Blue Mountains. These people spoke a common language although there are variants in the dialects that they used. They focused a lot on keeping the available resources abundant that was

Rap and Hip-Hop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Rap and Hip-Hop Culture - Essay Example The conclusion section summarizes the main ideas of the paper and further confirms that the rap/hip-hop culture tends to contain adolescent themes of autonomy and rebellion. Rap music has particularly been known to make provocative remarks towards women. Rap and hip-hop refers to a cultural movement and genre of music developed in the 1970s in New York. This was mainly among Latino Americans and African Americans. Hip-hop has four major elements namely break-dancing, graffiti writing, and rapping. Other elements are slang, hip-hop fashion and beat-boxing. Since its first emergence in the Bronx in the 1970s, rap/hip-hop culture has spread to many parts of the world. When hip-hop first emerged, its basis was around disc jockeys creating rhythmic beats through looping breaks on two turn tables, and was later followed by rapping. Then there arose particular dress styles and form of dancing among the new music followers. The emergence of rap and hip-hop music in the 1970s came with a lot of fear. This was because many parents and other stakeholders thought that this new rhythms and lyrics would negatively affect the listeners, most of whom were adolescents. This fear was carried on into the 21st century. Many critics of this genre of mu... This fear was carried on into the 21st century. Many critics of this genre of music are of the view that it promotes homicide, drug use, violence, suicide, deviant sexual activity, bigotry and aggression (Ballard and Dodson, 1999, pp 476). This is a significant topic since this issue has sparked a lot of debate among parent groups, censorship supporters, artists, record companies and even the United States federal government. The same issue also crops up in the medical arena, with the American Pediatrics Association expressing fear that rap and hip-hop lyrics threaten the well-being and health of adolescents. According to Mendelson (1989, pp 314-315), the greatest concerns include suicide, accidents, sexually transmitted diseases, drug use and pregnancy. Many physicians perceive the adolescent period as a very difficult period due to the rapid psychological and biological changes occurring during this period. Furthermore, the society expects these young people sound moral values through the way they perceive adult behaviors and standards. A number of physicians use their adolescent patients' music preferences to get a clue to their mental and emotional health. Music that contains explicit lyrics is capable of skewing and misrepresenting the world's realities. Rap and hip-hop music tends to represent adolescent themes of autonomy and rebellion. Rap music has particularly been known to make provocative remarks towards women. Hence the most popular music forms for adolescents must revolve around such themes as sexual imagery and disrespect (Brown and Hendee, 1989, pp 1659-1663). Moreover, many have questioned what effects music lyrics have on stereotyping, aggression, suicidal ideation and mood. According to a study conducted on the

Environmental Factors Essay Example for Free

Environmental Factors Essay The Coca-Cola Company was established in 1886 in the United States. Today, the Coca-Cola Company’s products are available in over 200 different countries. Each country contains its own demographics and other factors that influence the marketing planning and promotions for the Coca-Cola product lines. These factors vary by location and can include culture, customs, and even legal matters. The Coca-Cola Company has been able to successfully examine these factors and create marketing campaigns that have allowed the company to grow in leaps and bounds over the past 100 years. Global economic interdependence Global economic interdependence is when different economies rely upon one another and can include goods and service exchanges. Coca-Cola is one of the most famous soft drink brands in the world because they have successfully marketed their products across the globe. These foreign economies rely upon Coca-Cola products to stock their shelves to meet the consumers demand. With such a strong demand, countries would want the company’s product in local stores to increase sales and thus taxes collected. In order to get products to foreign markets, Coca-Cola is faced with trade restrictions and agreements. Restrictions can include tariffs which impose taxes on imported goods or quotas that limit the amount of certain product that is brought into the country (Kotler, Keller, 2012). These restrictions can lead to questions as to whether entering that foreign market is profitable. A high tariff could cut into profits while other trade restrictions may not allow a product to enter the market at all. A stiff market to enter may require a very detailed and successful marketing plan in order to reach the most potential consumers. A failed plan could result in the company paying more for the product to enter that market rather than the amount of money being made. Demographics and infrastructure Demographics must be examined prior to entering a foreign market. Household income, population, and age can all play a factor in a marketing plan. Poor  countries such as those in Africa may not be able to afford to purchase a product and therefore, would not be included in a marketing plan for a high priced item. Also, if there is a limited amount of infrastructure the product may not be able to be transported. Countries that lack infrastructure such as paved roads or electricity would become difficult markets for Coca-Cola to enter. Without roads or railroads, Coca-Cola would not be able to deliver their product to the consumers. Electricity is typically needed in order to keep the beverage chilled and to record sales transactions. A country lacking infrastructure will have a difficult time getting popular goods to their consumers. Cultural differences Cultural differences play a role in the marketing process. Different cultures will have different ideals and may even use products for different reasons. What may be acceptable in the American market may be a sign of disrespect in another. Knowledge of cultural differences can make or break a marketing campaign and also the entire company. For example, the Japanese commercials tend to have more animation and songs in the commercial. Also, the culture is also more advanced in technology so vending machines are more advanced in Japan than the ones we see here in America. Finally, different cultures may see certain products or ingredients as unhealthy. What may be delicious to consumers in China may be horrid to the taste buds of those in America. Social responsibility and ethics versus legal obligations Social responsibility and ethics are values that should be followed but not necessarily obligated to do so. On the other hand, legal obligations force a company to perform certain actions. For example, Coca-Cola is not legally obligated to set a certain price on their product. However, they are legally obligated to place nutritional and ingredient information on the product. As previously mentioned, different cultures play a role in marketing. What one culture may see as a social responsibility may be a legal obligation in another. As many know, Coca-Cola once contained the drug cocaine. Legally, cocaine is outlawed in the United States but may not be in other countries. What some may not know is that Coca-Cola still contains an extract from the coca leaves that is not classified as illegal (New York Times, 2013). In some cultures, it may be unethical to sell a product that has any  derivatives from any mind altering plants. Political systems and the influence of international relations Political systems can decide whether to allow a product to enter their market or impose extreme conditions that must be met. In addition, international relations can play a part as to where a product goes. Currently, the United States has a trade restriction with Iran that limits what can be exchanged between the two countries. Iran, once considered an ally, is now an evil and thus trade restrictions are in place. Coca-Cola may find it difficult to get their product into this market through a legit trade agreement. If Coca-Cola was faced with the fact that nobody would be allowed to import their product, they would be able to develop a marketing plan for domestic use that would portray that they are the only country who gets to receive the product. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 prohibits bribes being paid to foreign officials to assist in obtaining or keeping business (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, n.d.). This Act would prohibit Coca-Cola from bribing an Iranian official to allow them to export their product to the country. Because of this Act, large corporations can no longer pay foreign officials to keep their products in stores of countries that have banned them either by local or international law. These different laws and stipulations create barriers for a product to be introduced into foreign and domestic markets. Technology Advancements in technology have made marketing both easier and more difficult at the same time. Social media sites such as YouTube now promote products before the user can watch the video they intended to view. As technology advances, previous innovations become cheaper and open the doors for new consumers to obtain these products. As the amount of people who are able to access the internet increases, so does the amount of people that can view advertisements. One of the newest fads for technology is making more products â€Å"green†. Environmental friendly products are now the big rage and consumers will pay more for a product if it is deemed â€Å"green†. Advances in technology will eventually lead to more products being green and thus  creating a decline in the demand. Conclusion The Coca-Cola Company was established in 1886 in the United States. Today, the Coca-Cola Company’s products are available in over 200 different countries. Each country contains its own demographics and other factors that influence the marketing planning and promotions for the Coca-Cola product lines. Factors such as political influences, technology, and cultural differences all play a part on marketing. Differences in these factors can determine whether a product should be entered into the market. It is the responsibility of the manufacture, such as Coca-Cola, to perform their due diligence and evaluate its findings. References New York Times. (2013). How Coca-Cola Obtains Its Coca. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/01/business/how-coca-cola-obtains-its-coca.html U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (n.d.). Spotlight on Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/fcpa.shtml

Nestle Company Analysis Competition, Growth and SWOT

Nestle Company Analysis Competition, Growth and SWOT Company history and background In 1867, there was a rapid rise in infant mortality by the reason that the babies were unable to feed from their mothers. Therefore, Henri Nestlà © a German man developed a type of milk which based on food for the newborn child. In five years later, his products were being sold around the world as a suitable food for all ages. With the significant development, Nestlà © soon became a multinational industry for the reputation in providing the high-quality condensed milk. Obviously, Nestlà © continued its succeed by a step into the chocolate industry. Although in 1875 Henri decided to sell the company to his three local businessmen in Vevey but the name has been maintained till now. They hired skilled staff to expand their business. Later in 1904, Nestlà © chocolate was first introduced to the market to compete with chocolate bar Hershey. In 1905, Nestlà © ventured on a merger with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk company to form a dynamic and potential enterprise. During 1906, Aust ralia has become the second largest export market for Nestlà © and served by a huge system of retailers and sales agents. Kit Kat, After Eight and Smartie respectively added to its portfolio. Australias head office became the headquarter of Oceania Region, which includes New Zealand, Australia and Pacific Island in 1999 and its now the chief executive officer is Trevor Clayton. Company Operations Nestle is a preferred trademark in Australia due to its variety brands and the ability of satisfying kinds of customer. Based on the Australians consumption needs, its products are categorized into 10 groups: Drinks, Coffee Products, Breakfast Cereals, Chocolate Confectionery Products, Snacks Muesli Bars, Medicated Lozenges, Recipe Bases Sauces, Noodles, Baking Ingredients and Cooking Milks. According to the Aus Food News that Nestlà ©s chocolate products have been ranked at the second position after Cadbury of the top 15 chocolate bars in Australia. Nestlà ©s products are now nationwide selling through the outlets. Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Island are parts of the Oceania region. The Nestle Oceania is the workplace of more than 5,000 employees within over 70 factories, offices and the distribution centers placed across the region. Until now, Nestle has totally 447 factories in 86 countries around the world with appropriately 330,000 employees. Products are being sold in 196 countries and become the worlds leader company in nutrition, health, and wellness with an unmatched portfolio of more than 2,000 global and local brands. Nestlà © meets the customers need by launching various brands of chocolates includes Kit Kat, Aero, Smarties, Crunch and Nestlà ©. Customers always have many choices with Nestlà ©s chocolate as the various shapes, sizes and tastes such as Kit Kat The pie chart below showed the market share of Australia Nestlà ©s Chocolate bars with others competitors in 2015: The line chart of the market growth of Australia Nestlà ©s Chocolate bars from 2011-2013 Companys mission statement Nestlà © isthe worlds leading nutrition, health, and wellness company. Our mission of Good Food, Good Life is to provide consumers with the best tasting, most nutritious choices in a wide range of food and beverage categories and eating occasions, from morning to night. The mission statement of Nestle is quite good. This is a customer-oriented mission since it concentrates on the consumers need not the sales. It is not too long but not too short and it has a clear content which is easy to understand. The mission statement describes that Nestle and its staff have always focused on their quality because they want to give the best as well as the most healthy, nutritious choices to their consumers to contribute their life condition. Nestle enhances itself by the ability providing the enjoyment of food and beverages which reveal that they give people the reason to spend money. However, the customers couldnt completely trust Nestle as far as it points out the implementation plan. Additionally, it is unable to see any core value of the company in the statement such as teamwork, integrity or commitment. Despite the big company, Nestle cannot stand apart from its competitors until it has a comprehensively distinct mission statement. SWOT Analysis Strengths Product diversity Nestle has run a huge number of popular brands until now. The company manages to supply diverse type of food and drinks in order to fit the global market environment also to satisfy their buyers requirement. Obviously, this strength not only impulses the companys revenue but significantly spread their reputation worldwide so as to maintain their loyal customers and introduce to the new ones. Strongly focus on researcher and development The Nestle Researcher and Development (RD) were established to aim at innovating and guarantying the quality as well as the safety of every product. Researchers in the company understand that food can affect and impact human lives; therefore Nestlà © believes that its responsibility is to make effort in seeking a solution to create the more nutritious and healthier food to serve billions of families or individuals all over the world. To facilitate researching, Nestle has 3 Science Researcher centers and 31 Product Technology Centres and RD centers worldwide with about over 5,000 employees includes nutritionists, dietitians and workers. Their attempts are worth to receive the trustworthy from customers choice selection. Weakness Less ability to provide consistent quality in food products Customers have been warned about the food contamination and poor qualities supplies from Nestle and the risk of cancer when using Nestle Milk. Although they are all rumours without any evidence, the image of the company might be negatively affected the consumption and quantity of consumers. Opportunities Acquisitions and mergers Nestle is now owning a broad range of well-being products which bring them much profit annually. This money can give them opportunity to acquire more start-ups to keep expanding their trademark around the world. By this way, they are not only earning but also creating new products with minimal monetary cost. Furthermore, Nestle might be given chances to co-operate with other brands which have reputation such as Coca-Cola in 2001, the Coca-Cola Company and Nestle S.A announced their joint venture to tap a sharp growth of beverage segments. Strong researcher development Nestle has a great and strong team about researching and developing. It is advantage because they can help Nestle to launch more new products in future and expand the market in places even the places with the hard condition, for example Africa in 2016, they found that the Africans had too few healthy red blood cells which transport oxygen around the body in other terms is iron deficiency. Thus, Nestle decided to tackle the problem by adding relevant ingredients which can help them into their most popular products Maggi bouillon Demand healthier food People have trend to choose the best things for themself and their families especially food which is the most crucial and indispensable thing in daily life. Healthy food definitely has great intensity of buying and consuming. The mission of Nestle is to try their best provide the consistently healthy and nutritious food in response to the demand from customers. Threats Food safety    The company has to take legal responsibility if there is any problem happens which is related to food safety. Therefore, Nestle must be careful in the producing process even the smallest point. In such an event, the company might be forced to issue product recall and waring, which may devastate the companys reputation. Rising raw food price With regard to the growth of global economics, the value of raw materials is rising regularly. Nestle will have to face with the situation that they are forced to increase their prices but it maybe resulted in a decrease in consumption while they will suffer capital loss if they keep the price at same stage.

Definition And Classification Draft Media Essay

Definition And Classification Draft Media Essay Just one generation ago, internet was only accessible to scientists and researchers. However, Nowadays Facebook is accessible to everyone from toddlers to pensioners whenever they want. Furthermore, there are more Facebook users than automobiles in America (Pring, 2012). Considering numerous social media users engaged in or even stick to social media every day, we cant help wondering whether or not they have already been addicted to social media and what social media addiction is. Unfortunately, the virus of social media addiction spread rather swift among youngsters, and once injected, its even harder to resist than cigarettes and alcohol (Meikle, 2012).In order to handle this problem, I will provide a precise definition of social media addiction and specify some basic types of it in the following contents. According to Walker (2012), social media addiction is defined as a phrase when someone spending so excessive time on social media that it interferes the other aspects of his dail y life. And judged on diverse platforms they use, their habits and symptoms, social media addiction is classified into distinctive categories: Twitter lovers post whatever seems new to him, whether it is valuable or not; blog addicts try to response to every single question from readers and become frustrated if no questions are asked from fans; Facebook likers mostly communicate on virtual platform while they are unwilling to share news with others in reality (Marketo, 2012). Although there is distinctive difference among them, one point is similar: linking with social media accounts regardless of the time and it has inference his normal life. Concerning the situation where social media addiction is rather tough to resist, in the following paragraphs Ill offer some comments for addicts and tips on how to treat the disease. Comparison and contrast-The difference between addict users and normal users. Indeed, social media addiction is rather a newly discovered phenomenon since even Facebook came into existence to the public in 2004 (Carlson, 2010). However, since then there has been a steady inclination of social media addiction cases, there is no excuse for us not to recognize social media addicts explicitly. Therefore, in the following contents Ill contrast addict users with ordinary ones and deduce some particular traits. Compared with ordinary people, certain behavioral traits of social media addiction occur on them. First, unlike common people, they are more likely to be involved in virtual society activities, putting social network ahead of family and friends and regard it more fundamental than life basics such as studying, eating and sleeping. Gradually they become monks who, like many other addiction sufferers, resent anything around them and isolate from regular life and rely solely on social networking simultaneously. In addition to behavioral obstacles, they also suffer from psychological issues. Addicts can be panic, irritated and anxious even if they leave computers for daily tasks and treatments. In contrast, ordinary guys are able to maintain regular and basic socialization routines. Mental obstacle traits also include socially insecure and preferring communicating via virtual chatting than face- to-face (Anderson, 2012). As for micro scale, addicts are always struggling to tally to self-congratulatory status, updating their news about private life. They are relatively competitive but vulnerable compared with us when they compete with successful peers but only to find their life is rather plain. However, as ordinary people, these aspects are rarely noticed and concerned. Since its extremely easy to get lost in universe of social media, it is ones high priority to possess self-control. Therefore following 4 simple steps can aid those who addict to social media to get rid of addiction and return to ordinary life. At first stage, avoid or ignore requests and irrelevant recommend websites from unfamiliar sources. There is no need to accept every single request and get involved in valueless. After all, on average Facebook users will own 7 friends every month (Sanders, 2012). Hence we dont need those annoying extra requests. Once accepting too many requests, absolutely we will get into traps in the infinite universe of social networking. At second step, announce to our friends about our determination and decision, and let them supervise our behaviors. Why do we remain connected to Internet if we no longer need social media all the time? Disable network connection, stay offline for a while and tell our friends publicly. Why do we have to check Facebook and Twitter from time to time, and what if we refuse to check them regularly? Apparently, nothing severe will occur. Please dont hesitate to do so, for it will provide access to concentrate on work and study more. At first it might be tough to overcome some obstacles both mentally and physically. However, with the support from girlfriend/boyfriend, sibling, close friend, parent and classmate, the tendency to waste time on social media will decline by keep reminding us of how much time we have wasted. Furthermore, chatting with them will obviously enhance the relationship. At last stage, allocate time to other activities and go offline. Well be astonished to have a whale of time free for our private business. Moreover, our routine has returned to daily basis. Remember: we care because there are other things more important than Facebook in life (Syed, 2012). How to spend time on social media? As engaging in and being addicted to social media much faster and easier, students tend to spend more time on social media. However, as students, our principal aim is to achieve better academic performance rather than be a professional Facebook user. Considering that its easy to lose track of time while chatting online and that obviously some certain social networking sites can be addictive, sticky and hard to get rid of, Ill explain some strategies on how to distribute time on network intelligently. The most important strategy is to develop a routine while using social media. Having a regular task list is of vital importance to undergraduates not only in study but also in recreation. Follow the routine strictly and we will find it no longer unimaginable to reduce useless waste on social networking. There are some cute tools that can track how much time we spend on social media, and monitor our engagement on network. Throughout scheduling, analyzing and monitoring, they can ensure us to spend time more efficiently. Another strategy is to avoid over thinking about the content when coming up with a post. The more we think about it, the more time we will waste, and the more original ideas will diminish. After all, entertainment is not equal to study. The key to manage our time on social media is quality of interacting and keeping balance between study and socialization. Although its vital to build and maintain relationships with our friends and families, keeping balance and spend time properly still comes first. After all, there is no more time to waste when confronting with heavy workloads. Till Sep 2012, the number of Facebook users has reached up to 1.01 billion (Frank, 2012). However, according to a new study, plenty of students addict to social media and its hard for them to abstain from social networking for one full day (Finnegan, 2010). Given that they have obsessive usage of Social Medias and these behaviors imply addiction, Ill illustrate some effects of it in the following contents. The most direct effect of engagement in social media is becoming isolated and passive to life. As they overuse time and energy on virtual society, passionate towards realistic life declines gradually. Finally, instead of being brought closer to family and friends, they feel hurt and neglected, with ruined relationships. Moreover, because of the continuous flow of distraction from wired world, concentration on study and life will be lost. According to a recent study, on average Facebook users spend less time on study and consequently meet lower grades than others particularly becaus e of engaging on virtual communities simultaneously (Kush Griffiths, 2011). One dominant factor that contributes to this problem is that users dont maintain a rational social media usage schedule and dont have an explicit purpose for using. Moreover, addiction to social media also has a potentially negative threat to health. In order not to miss any news, the addicted users prefer to neglect sleep occasionally. However, they will deprive their sleep as a result of the bad habit, and at last, energy levels will decline and emotion will be far more irritable, short-temper or even depressed. Considering that addiction to social media has so many severe adverse impacts, we mustnt hesitate to take actions to cope with it. Therefore, in the following paragraph Ill explain how to distribute time on social media. Online Social Networking and Addiction Kuss, D.J. Griffiths, M. D. 2011 Aug 29 Publich Health http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194102/

Altered Reality in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay example --

Altered Reality in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   The world of darkness that Marlow finds himself in is directly comparable to what Leary describes of the bardos (stages) that occur during a drug-induced trip or psychedelic experience. ‘The underlying problem of the Second Bardo is that any and every shape—human, divine, diabolical, heroic, evil, animal, thing—which the human brain conjures up or the past life recalls, can present itself to consciousness: shapes and forms and sounds whirling by endlessly’ (48). An example of such presentation is Marlow’s perception of the jungle as a palpable force that has the power of human gestures. It calls, beckons, lures, etc. Leary writes that accompanying the moment of ego-loss is the perception of ‘wave-energy flow’: ‘the individual becomes aware that he is part of and surrounded by a charged field of energy, which seems almost electrical...the attempt to control or to rationalize this energy flow... is indicative of ego-acti vity and the First Bardo transcendence is lost’ (41). Marlow never loses ego-activity so he never reaches transcendence, but his ego-activity rationalizes his feeling of the physical awareness of the jungle. He colors the Congo dark instead of light and chooses to reject, not embrace, the force of the jungle so his rationalizations are negative and he thinks the force is evil.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The negative, wrathful counterparts to this vision occur if the voyager reacts with fear to the powerful flow of life forms. Such a reaction is attributable to the cumulated result of game playing (karma) dominated by anger or stupidity. A nightmarish hell-world may ensue. The visual forms appear like a confusing chaos of cheap, ugly dime-store objects, brassy, vulgar and useless. The ... ... all truth, and all sincerity, are just compressed into that inappreciable moment of time in which we step over the threshold of the invisible’ (Conrad, 113).    Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Editor Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton, 1988. Cox, C. B. Conrad: Heart of Darkness, Nostromo, and Under Western Eyes. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1987. Guetti, James. ‘Heart of Darkness and the Failure of the Imagination’, Sewanee Review LXXIII, No. 3 (Summer 1965), pp. 488-502. Ed. C. B. Cox. Leary, Timothy , Metzner, Ralph, Alpert, Richard The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead Ruthven, K. K. ‘The Savage God: Conrad and Lawrence,’ Critical Quarterly, x, nos 1& 2 (Spring and Summer 1968), pp. 41-6. Ed. C. B. Cox. Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. Essex: Longman Group UK Limited, 1993.